???? ??? ??, ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??
- ??? ????? The Economist? ??
- ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??
¡ø ???? ??? ??(??) / ?? ????? Fernando Casal Bertoa ??(???)
???? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? Party Politics? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? The Leverhulme Trust? Fellow? ???? ? ??? ?????.
??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??. ??? ??? ??? ????? '??? ????' ?? '??? ??'? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??. ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??, ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????.
? ????? 2? ???? ??? 1948??? 2017??? 70?? ?? ? ?? ? ???? 18? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? 154?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????????, ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? 7?? ???? ???(???? 4??, ??? 3??)?? ??, ??, ??? ???? ?????.
???? ??? ??, ??, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???, ???? ??? 60? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????.
??? ??? ??? ??, ????? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ??? ??(?, ?????, ???? ?) ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????.
? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??.
? ??? ?? ????? ?????? Fernando Casal Bertoa ???? ??? ?? ??????, ?? ??? The Economist("Democracy declined across Asia in 2021")? ?? ????? ?? ??? East Asia Forum("The future of democracy and rise of authoritarianism in Asia") ? East Asia Institute ADRN Issue Briefing("How Authoritarian Legacies Play a Role in Shaping Electoral Volatility in Asia")? ?? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ? ??.
¡ù ???: On the Causes of Electoral Volatility in Asia since 1948
¡ù ??: Party Politics
¡ù DOI:
??
